With various jurisdictions now contemplating Border Carbon Adjustments like the EU CBAM, there is a growing risk of divergent and uncoordinated approaches. This article assesses the prospects for international cooperation to mitigate uncertainty and transaction costs.

As the EU phases out free allocation under the ETS, European exports face new leakage risks not covered by CBAM. This article evaluates policy options to address this challenge, identifying targeted innovation support as the most promising solution to minimize legal risks while fostering decarbonization.

Evaluating recent criticism that carbon pricing has failed to drive transformative change, this article agrees that pricing alone is insufficient but argues against abandoning it. Instead, it proposes a framework for empirical evaluation, suggesting that even modest carbon taxes can support broader industrial policy strategies.

Export-related leakage has emerged as a major concern under the European CBAM. This article explores policy solutions, situating design options alongside evolving EU decarbonization support and the constraints posed by WTO disciplines on subsidies and trade-related climate measures.

This article assesses key decarbonization support instruments under the WTO SCM Agreement, clarifying when they risk constituting actionable subsidies and how they may be designed to avoid conferring a benefit.

This article explains why default-intensity BCAs can undermine carbon-pricing incentives, and evaluates an “individual adjustment” approach that uses actual emissions data while acknowledging administrative burdens, avoidance risks, and legal considerations under trade rules.

As a growing number of jurisdictions explores or advances border carbon adjustments, this article examines why cooperation on such measres matters and maps core cooperative options on legal form, institutional forum, and normative content that will shape the intersection of climate and trade.

As jurisdictions explore border carbon adjustments (BCAs) to address carbon leakage, this article shows how import-only BCAs can weaken export competitiveness and thus contribute to a new leakage channel. It proceeds to examine different solutions and their respective trade-offs.

Drawing on an increasingly divisive academic debate about carbon pricing as a climate policy option, this article diagnoses shortfalls across economic, behavioural, and political dimensions, offering a novel analytical framework to derive design principles that improve adoption, performance, and durability.