Sources

NIL Bibliography – MIT

NIL Bibliography

Name, Image, and Likeness Sources

A

Alexander, Jonathan M. “Duke’s Emily Cole Has Made Herself a Leader in NCAA NIL Era.” The News & Observer, 1 July 2022. www.newsobserver.com/sports/college/acc/duke/article263084398.html. Accessed 10 March 2025.
American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA). Policy Guidance for NIL and International Students. 2024.
“An Equity Analysis on the Collegiate Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL) Market.” MacKeigan, Lauren, August 28, 2023.
Arunarthi, M., & Gregorich, G. “The Effect of the NIL on Recruitment.” Journal of Student Research, 3 March 2025. https://www.jsr.org/hs/index.php/path/article/view/3629. Accessed 10 March 2025.
Associated Press. “Aaliyah Edwards NIL Deal Analysis.” 2024.
Ayala, Erica L. “Tori Ortiz On The Metaverse, Breaking Barriers For Latine Athletes & Influencers.” Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericalayala/2023/01/07/tori-ortiz-on-the-metaverse-breaking-barriers-for-latine-athletes–influencers/. Accessed 10 March 2025.

B

Babich, Mike. “Understanding the Transfer Portal and Its Impact on the College Recruiting Process.” SportsRecruits Blog, 4 Apr. 2023, blog.sportsrecruits.com/2023/04/04/understanding-the-transfer-portal-and-its-impact-on-the-college-recruiting-process/.
Baer, Jack. “CBB Coach Says Player Asked for $5M NIL Contract; 77% Have Gotten Requests for $1M.” Bleacher Report, 7 March 2024. https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10132439-cbb-coach-says-player-asked-for-5m-nil-contract-77-have-gotten-requests-for-1m.
Berry, William. “Beyond NIL”. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law, January 2024, https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/jetlaw/vol26/iss2/1/.
Blueprint Sports. BluePrint Sports. https://www.instagram.com/poweredbybps/.

C

Cole, Emily (@emilycole). “Testifying in front of Congress about my experience with NIL and women’s sports at the DI level.” Instagram, 8 Mar. 2025, www.instagram.com/reel/DG8onZ3u3hm/. Accessed 10 Mar. 2025.
CollegeNetWorth. Why Don’t People Like NIL? Exploring Concerns and Controversies – CollegeNetWorth.Com. 16 Dec. 2024, https://www.collegenetworth.com/why-dont-people-like-nil/.
Congress.gov. Student Athlete Level Playing Field Act, H.R.3630, 118th Congress. 24 May 2023, https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/3630.
Crawford, Krysten. “The business of college sports: ‘It’s the Wild West.’” Stanford University, 2025. https://siepr.stanford.edu/news/business-college-sports-its-wild-west. Accessed 10 March 2025.

D

“DI Council Approves Changes to Notification of Transfer Windows in Basketball, Football.” NCAA, 9 Oct. 2024, https://www.ncaa.org/news/2024/10/9/media-center-di-council-approves-changes-to-notification-of-transfer-windows-in-basketball-football.aspx.
Dodd, Dennis. “As College Football Transfer Portal Becomes More Chaotic, Focus on Educational Values Continues to Dwindle.” CBS Sports, 21 Dec. 2023, https://www.cbssports.com/college-football/news/as-college-football-transfer-portal-becomes-more-chaotic-focus-on-educational-values-continues-to-dwindle/.
Dodds, Eric. “The ‘Death Penalty’ and How the College Sports Conversation Has Changed.” TIME, 25 February 2015, https://time.com/3720498/ncaa-smu-death-penalty/.
Duke University Baseball. TikTok, @dukebasetok, www.tiktok.com/@dukebasetok
Dunne, Olivia. TikTok, @livvy, www.tiktok.com/@livvy.

E

Ecord, Kael, et al. “NCAA Transfer Portal Analysis.” Sports Innovation Institute, 15 May 2024, blogs.iu.edu/iuindysii/2024/05/15/ncaa-transfer-portal-analysis/.
Ehrlich, Michael. “UConn Superstar Paige Bueckers Talks Finances in New Nil Campaign.” NIL Daily On SI, Sports Illustrated, 4 March 2025. www.si.com/fannation/name-image-likeness/nil-news/uconn-superstar-paige-bueckers-talks-finances-in-new-nil-campaign.
ESPN. “NCAA Moves Toward $2.8B Settlement in House v. NCAA NIL Case.” ESPN.com, 2024, https://www.espn.com.

H

Harvard Law Review. “First Amendment — Right of Publicity — Ninth Circuit Rejects First Amendment Defense to Right-of-Publicity Claim. — In Re NCAA Student-Athlete Name & Likeness Licensing Litigation, 724 F.3d 1268 (9th Cir. 2013).” Harvard Law Review, vol. 127, no. 4, 2014.
Harvard Law Review. “Johnson v. NCAA, 108 F.4th 163 (3d Cir. 2024).” Harvard Law Review, 2024, https://harvardlawreview.org/print/vol-138/johnson-v-national-collegiate-athletic-assn-108-f-4th-163-3d-cir-2024.
Hollabaugh, W. L., Jeckell, A. S., & Diamond, A. B. (2024). Name, Image, and Likeness and the Health of the Young Athlete: A Call to Action for Sports Medicine Providers and the Athletic Healthcare Network. Sports health, 16(2), 209–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381231212645
“How the College Football Transfer Portal Works: What You Need to Know.” ESPN, 17 Aug. 2023, https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/42394369/what-college-football-transfer-portal-works-dates-explained.

I

“Impact of NIL Deals on College Athletes: Leveling the Playing Field or Creating New Inequalities?” Canyon Hills Chronicle, https://canyonhillschronicle.com/2496/sports/the-impact-of-nil-deals-on-college-athletes-leveling-the-playing-field-or-creating-new-inequalities/.

K

Knight-Newhouse College Athletics Database. Financial Data by School. https://knightnewhousedata.org.
Konish, Lorie. “Biden Administration Discharges Another $1.2 Billion in Student Debt for 35,000 Public Service Workers.” Yahoo Finance, 7 March 2024. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/biden-administration-discharges-another-12-billion-in-student-debt-for-35000-public-service-workers-185235900.html.
Kunkel, Thilo. “There Is No Nil in Nil: Examining the Social Media Value of Student-Athletes’ Names, Images, and Likeness.” Sport Management Review. www.researchgate.net/publication/350046371_There_Is_No_Nil_in_NIL_Examining_the_Social_Media_Value_of_Student-Athletes’_Names_Images_and_Likeness. Accessed 11 March 2025.

L

Lee, Ronda. “NCAA Athletes Face Tax Consequences Following Rule Change on Earning Money.” Yahoo Finance, 1 July 2022. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/ncaa-athletes-face-consequences-182453856.html
Libit, Daniel, and Greg Fiume. “Florida State’s Leonard Hamilton Announces Resignation Amid NIL Suit.” Sportico.com, 3 February 2025. https://www.sportico.com/leagues/college-sports/2025/florida-state-leonard-hamilton-resigns-1234826510/. Accessed 10 March 2025.

M

Ma, Adrian and Wailin Wong, “The Monetization of College Sports,” NPR, 19 July 2022, https://www.npr.org/2022/07/19/1112316993/the-monetization-of-college-sports.
McVeigh, Griffin. “Johnny Manziel: If NIL Was around in 2014, the Story Potentially Ends Differently.” On3, 11 August 2023. https://www.on3.com/college/texas-am-aggies/news/johnny-manziel-nil-return-2014-season-nfl/.
Meares, Wesley, et al. “NIL and Higher Education: An Exploration of the Early Impact of NIL on Fundraising and Competition in Universities and Athletic Departments.” Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, vol. 17, no. 3, Nov. 2024, https://journals.ku.edu/jis/article/view/21468. Accessed 7 Apr. 2025.
Mercadante, Dominique, and Zachary Mawby. “Seton Hall Men’s Basketball: How Recent Changes in NIL Could Reshape the Future of the Program.” The Setonian, Seton Hall University, 2 Apr. 2025, www.thesetonian.com/article/2025/04/seton-hall-mens-basketball-how-recent-changes-in-nil-could-reshape-the-future-of-the-program.
Murphy, Dan. “Nil Contracts Have Employment and Pay-for-Play All over Them, Experts Say.” ESPN, ESPN Internet Ventures, 5 March 2025, www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/44107758/nil-ncaa-sec-college-contracts-name-image-likeness.

N

“Name, Image, Likeness and the Transfer Portal Are Changing College Athletics.” The Daily Cougar, 17 Sept. 2024, https://thedailycougar.com/2024/09/17/nil-the-transfer-portal-are-changing-college-athletics/.
National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston, 594 U.S. (2021), https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/20-512_gfbh.pdf
NBC Sports. “Report: President Trump Considers Executive Order Limiting NIL Payments.” NBCSports.com, 2025, https://www.nbcsports.com/nfl/profootballtalk/rumor-mill/news/report-president-trump-considers-executive-order-limiting-nil-payments.
NCAA Athlete NIL Rights: Hearing Before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, U.S. Senate, One Hundred Seventeenth Congress, First Session. HeinOnline. https://heinonline-org.libproxy.mit.edu/HOL/P?h=hein.cbhear/fdsysbeuo0001&i=10.
“NIL’s Impact on College Sports from a Funding, Facilities and Student-Athlete Perspective.” HOK, 24 Jan. 2025, https://www.hok.com/news/2025-01/nils-impact-on-college-sports-from-a-funding-facilities-and-student-athlete-perspective/. Accessed 7 Apr. 2025.
“Nil Industry Insights.” Opendorse, 7 May 2024, opendorse.com/nil-insights/.

O

Owens, M. F., Rennhoff, A. D., and Roach, M. A. “The Impact of Name, Image, and Likeness Contracts on Student-Athlete College Choice.” Applied Economics, 2024, pp. 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2024.2331425.

P

“Paying College Athletes: Should Colleges and Universities Pay College Athletes?” ProCon. 2021. [Updated through March 22, 2024; Accessed April 7, 2025] https://www.britannica.com/procon/paying-college-athletes-debate
Payne, William (@TweetsbyCoachP). “I spoke with 8 men’s college basketball coaches today to gauge what they are doing with recruiting…” X (formerly Twitter), 22 February 2025, https://x.com/TweetsbyCoachP/status/1893502734898233642.
Peck, Avery. “Column: A Student-Athlete’s Perspective on Nil and Other NCAA Changes.” The562.Org, 26 February 2025. www.the562.org/2025/02/26/column-a-student-athletes-perspective-on-nil-and-other-ncaa-changes/.
Pells, Eddie. “Trump Nil Twist Carries Small Legal Impact. but to Some ‘It’s Putting Women’s Sports Back 25 Years.’” AP News, AP News, 13 Feb. 2025, apnews.com/article/nil-college-sports-title-ix-6a7d2c13fe265765236c77906b844f55.
Peters, Andrew. “CBB Coach Says Player Asked for $5M NIL Contract; 77% Have Gotten Requests for $1M.” Bleacher Report, 19 Aug. 2024, https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10132439-cbb-coach-says-player-asked-for-5m-nil-contract-77-have-gotten-requests-for-1m.
“The Pros and Cons of NIL in College Sports.” Pros an Cons, 5 March 2025, https://prosancons.com/sports/pros-and-cons-of-nil/.

R

“Race and Ethnicity in Sports Business: Analyzing the NIL Impact.” AP News, https://apnews.com/article/nfl-sports-business-football-race-and-ethnicity-19555f4f4a67592c57aece8d5b39fdd3.
“Reddit – Dive into Anything.” Reddit.com, 2024, www.reddit.com/r/CollegeBasketball/comments/1cif6dt/are_you_more_or_less_interested_in_college_sports/. Accessed 11 March 2025.
Reuters. “Dartmouth College Basketball Team’s Union Files Complaint over School’s Refusal to Bargain.” Reuters.com, 22 Aug. 2024, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/dartmouth-college-basketball-teams-union-files-complaint-over-schools-refusal-2024-08-22.
Rhodes, Shea. Sex Sells: The Self-Sexualization Pressures on Female College Athletes and the “Othering” of Women in Sports. The Institute to Address Commercial Sexual Exploitation, 14 Dec. 2022, https://cseinstitute.org/sex-sells-the-self-sexualization-pressures-on-female-college-athletes-and-the-othering-of-women-in-sports/.
Russo, Ralph. “With Revenue Sharing Coming to College Sports, Are NIL Collectives a Problem or Part of a Solution?” AP News, 24 May 2024, https://apnews.com/article/ncaa-settlement-nil-934586dfc58035a79d1477358b9bb339.

S

Scuderi, Brandon. “NIL’s Impact on College Recruiting: The Bryce Underwood Effect.” Michigan Journal of Economics, 4 Apr. 2025, https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/mje/2025/04/04/nils-impact-on-college-recruiting-the-bryce-underwood-effect/. Accessed 7 Apr. 2025.
SponsorUnited. “NIL Endorsements Report 2024–25.” SponsorUnited, 2 Apr. 2025, cdn.prod.website-files.com/646f83ebeb2de03609e8a7bb/67ec781c7fe35c7621c8be8a_SponsorUnited%20NIL%20Report%202024-25.pdf?utm_campaign=8658803-2025%20-%20WIS%202024&utm_medium=email&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-8cCcuw7Z-FgyrTJjkCRHm2L6V4xuIuxLAMh30zIt4eLUe_wCw_BFxc7tacWRcoK5TIfSojwkLuts36CCDxSvqNdO1Lmg&_hsmi=354753242&utm_content=354753242&utm_source=hs_automation.
Staff, The Athletic College Football. “What Is NIL?: Everything You Need to Know about the NCAA and Name, Image and Likeness.” The New York Times, 1 August 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/3301694/2022/05/10/nil-ncaa-definition/.
Stumbaugh, Julia. Report: Softball Star NiJaree Canady Signs $1M NIL Contract amid Texas Tech Transfer. https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10129473-report-softball-star-nijaree-canady-signs-1m-nil-contract-amid-texas-tech-transfer. Accessed 10 March 2025.
Supreme Court of the United States. NCAA v. Alston, 594 U.S. ___. 2021, https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/20-512_gfbh.pdf.

T

“Transfer Portal Timeline: When Did the NCAA Transfer Portal Start?” Game Change, 6 Dec. 2023, https://www.gogamechange.com/blog/when-did-the-transfer-portal-start.
Transfer Windows for Division I Student-Athletes. NCAA, http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/eligibility_center/Transfer/DIUG_Windows.pdf.

U

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Optional Practical Training (OPT) for F-1 Students. https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/students-and-exchange-visitors/optional-practical-training-opt-for-f-1-students.
U.S. Department of Education. Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act (EADA) Reports. https://ope.ed.gov/athletics.
U.S. Department of Education. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS). https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds.
University of Michigan International Center. Curricular Practical Training (CPT). https://internationalcenter.umich.edu/students/f1-students/cpt.

W

Weaver, Karen. “NIL Contracts And Disputes: Will They Shape The Future Of College Athletics?” Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/karenweaver/2025/03/03/nil-contracts-and-disputes-will-they-shape-the-future-of-college-athletics/. Accessed 10 March 2025.
Werner, Barry. “Kaleena Smith’s NIL Deal with Adidas Stands out as a Game-Changer in High School Sports.” USA TODAY High School Sports, USA TODAY High School Sports Wire, 10 March 2025. www.usatodayhss.com/story/sports/high-school/girls-basketball/2025/03/10/kaleena-smith-nil-deal-candace-parker-adidas-girls-basketball/82057008007/. Accessed 11 March 2025.
“What’s Going On in This Graph?” The New York Times, 6 Feb. 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/06/learning/whats-going-on-in-this-graph-feb-12-2025.html.
“What Is NIL in College Sports? How Do Athlete Deals Work?” ESPN.Com, 26 Sept. 2024. https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/41040485/what-nil-college-sports-how-do-athlete-deals-work.

Total Sources: 78

Last Updated: March 2025